In the midst of my course on ‘Social Institutions and Economic Development’ at HKS, I typically lead a class discussion on the concept of a “development expert,” particularly in relation to engagement with social institutions. Despite being often labeled as such due to my experience and visibility in the field, I approach this designation with caution. While I have gained knowledge about development processes over the years, I refrain from fully embracing the title of a development “expert.” Instead, I emphasize the importance of technical expertise in certain contexts while recognizing its limitations, especially in addressing complex issues like building state capability.

I highlight a distinction between expertise that fills a space and expertise that creates and protects space, akin to the concepts of Theory X and Y in management literature. The former focuses on controlling external factors to implement predefined solutions efficiently, resembling what Atul Gawande terms the savior doctor model. In contrast, the latter involves fostering inclusive deliberation and seeking specific solutions through legitimate processes, similar to the faithful social worker model. Both approaches are necessary, but prevailing administrative systems often favor the former, overlooking the complexities and uncertainties inherent in the latter.

Advocates for the Theory Y approach, exemplified by champions of PDIA (problem-driven iterative adaptation), must navigate the dominance of Theory X methodologies to promote inclusive and adaptive development practices. Recognizing the importance of both types of expertise and fostering an environment that values diverse perspectives is crucial for addressing complex policy challenges effectively. Additionally, prioritizing prevention efforts alongside intervention strategies is essential for sustainable development outcomes.

In conclusion, promoting a balance between expertise that fills space and expertise that creates and protects space is vital for meaningful progress in development initiatives. Encouraging diverse forms of expertise and supporting collaborative approaches to problem-solving can help address complex policy challenges more effectively in the long run.